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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, poet, and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history.〔"Friedrich Nietzsche," by Dale Wilkerson, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ISSN 2161-0002, http://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzch/. 14 October2015.〕〔Raymond A. Belliotti, Jesus Or Nietzsche: How Should We Live Our Lives? (Rodopi, 2013), 195–201〕〔Wicks, R. (Summer 2011) ("Friedrich Nietzsche" ). ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved 2011-10-06.〕
Nietzsche's body of writing spanned philosophical polemics, poetry, cultural criticism, aphorism, and fiction while displaying a fondness for metaphor and irony.〔McKinnon, AM. (2012). 'Metaphors in and for the Sociology of Religion: Towards a Theory after Nietzsche'. Journal of Contemporary Religion, vol 27, no. 2, pp. 203–216 ()〕 His thought drew variously on philosophy, art, history, religion, and science, and engaged with a wide range of subjects including morality, metaphysics, language, epistemology, value, aesthetics, and consciousness. Among the chief elements of his philosophy are his radical rejection of the existence and value of objective truth; his atheistic critique of religion and morality, and of Christianity in particular, which he characterized as propagating a slave morality in the service of cultural decline and the denial of life;〔〔See his own words: F. Nietzsche (1888), ''Twilight of the Idols''. "Four Great Errors", 1, tr. W. Kaufmann & R.J. Hollingdale ((online version )). A strict example of a cause-and-effect mismatch, with regard to the God-creator as the cause and our concepts as the effects, is perhaps not fully stressed in this fragment, but the more ''explicite'' it is stressed in the same book, chapter "»Reason« in philosophy", 4, as well as in ''The Antichrist'' (57, where real and imaginary origins are contrasted, and 62, where he calls Christianity 'a fatality' – 'fatal' also meaning 'unavoidable') and in ''The Genealogy of Morals'', books 1-3, amongst others. The topic of "''false'' origins" of ideas is also suggested in ''The Four Great Errors'', 3, and (precisely about morality) in e.g. ''The Will to Power'', tr. W. Kaufmann, 343 ((online text here )).〕 his characterization of the human subject as the expression of competing wills, collectively understood as the will to power;〔K. Gemes, J. Richardson, ''The Oxford Handbook of Nietzsche'', Oxford Univ. Press, 2013, p. 177-178 ("The Duality of Nietzsche's Theory of the Will to Power: The Psychological and Cosmological Aspects"). (Read online here )〕 and the affirmation of existence in response to the "death of God" and the profound challenge of nihilism.〔 His later work, which saw him develop influential (and frequently misunderstood) concepts such as the ''Übermensch'' and the doctrine of eternal recurrence, became increasingly preoccupied with the creative powers of the individual to overcome social, cultural, and moral contexts toward a state of aesthetic health.〔
Nietzsche began his career as a classical philologist—a scholar of Greek and Roman textual criticism—before turning to philosophy. In 1869, at age 24, he became the youngest-ever occupant of the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel. He resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life.〔Brobjer, Thomas. "Nietzsche's philosophical context: an intellectual biography", p. 42. University of Illinois Press, 2008.〕 In 1889, at age 44, he suffered a collapse and a complete loss of his mental faculties that was later ascribed to atypical general paresis due to tertiary syphilis, though this diagnosis has come into question. He lived his remaining years in the care of his mother (until her death in 1897) and then his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, and died in 1900 of what was thought to be a stroke, although re-examination of Nietzsche's medical evaluation papers show that he almost certainly died of brain cancer.〔Robert Matthews (4 May 2003), ("'Madness' of Nietzsche was cancer not syphilis" ), ''The Daily Telegraph''.〕
After his death, Forster-Nietzsche became the curator and editor of her brother's manuscripts, reworking Nietzsche's unpublished writings to fit her own German nationalist ideology while often contradicting or obfuscating his stated opinions, which were explicitly opposed to antisemitism and nationalism. Through these published editions, Nietzsche's name became associated with fascism and Nazism,〔Golomb, Jacob and Robert S. Wistrich (eds.), 2002, ''Nietzsche, Godfather of Fascism?: On the Uses and Abuses of a Philosophy.'' Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.〕 although many later 20th-century scholars have contested this interpretation of his work. His work enjoyed renewed popularity in the 1960s, and his ideas have had a profound impact on twentieth and early-twenty-first century thinkers across philosophy—especially in schools of continental philosophy such as existentialism, postmodernism, and post-structuralism—as well as art, literature, psychology, politics, and popular culture.〔〔〔〔Marianne Constable, "Genealogy and Jurisprudence: Nietzsche, Nihilism, and the Social Scientification of Law,” Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 551–590.〕〔(''Stanford News'' )〕
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